Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology

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Employees16,800+Annual budgetCN¥17.1 billion

Simplified Chinese

上海航天技术研究院

Traditional Chinese

上海航天技術研究院

Hanyu Pinyin

Shànghǎi Hángtiān Jìshù Yánjiùyuàn

Literal meaning

Shanghai Spaceflight Technology Research Academy

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Shànghǎi Hángtiān Jìshù Yánjiùyuàn

Alternative Chinese name

Simplified Chinese

中国航天科技集团公司第八研究院

Hanyu Pinyin

Zhōngguó Hángtiān kējì jítuán gōngsī dìbā yánjiù yuàn

Literal meaning

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Eighth Research Academy

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōngguó Hángtiān kējì jítuán gōngsī dìbā yánjiù yuàn

Second alternative Chinese name

Simplified Chinese

上海航天局

Hanyu Pinyin

Shànghǎi Hángtiān Jú

Literal meaning

Shanghai Bureau of Spaceflight

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Shànghǎi Hángtiān Jú

former name

Simplified Chinese

上海市第二机电工业局

Literal meaning

Shanghai Municipality Second Bureau of Electromechanical Industry

Transcriptions

The Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) is a Chinese space agency and subordinate of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), it is referred to as The Eighth Academy of CASC.^[2] The agency was established in August 1961 as Shanghai Second Bureau of Electromechanical Industry, but was later renamed to Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology in 1993.^[3]

Space flight programmes

SAST designs, develops, and manufactures launch vehicles as well as components. They designed and manufactured the Long March 2D, the entire Long March 4 series and FB-1 rockets. The FB-1 launched three military satellites, no details of which have been published. SAST was held responsible for the FB-1 failures between 1973 and 1981.^[3]

As of 2024, SAST also designs, develops, and Manufactures launch Vehicles and Satellites. The Long March 2D, Long March 4B, Long March 4C, Long March 6, Long March 6A, Long March 6C and Long March 12 are launch Vehicles made by SAST

References

^ "Shanghai Aerospace City". Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ "Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST)". NTI. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology". Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.

External links

Official website

Spaceflight

General

Applications

Human spaceflight

General	Astronaut commercial Life-support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Overview effect Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Space diving
Programs	Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle–Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong New Shepard Artemis
Health issues	Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Space psychology Psychological and sociological effects Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Space sexology

Spacecraft

Launch vehicle
Rocket
Space capsule
Spaceplane
Robotic spacecraft
- Satellite
- Space probe
- Lander
- Rover
- Self-replicating spacecraft
- Space telescope
Spacecraft propulsion

Destinations

Space launch

Ground segment

Category
Portal

Politics of outer space

Spacefaring nations
Space policy
Space traffic management
Space debris management
- Space Debris Working Group
- Space Debris Committee
Planetary protection principle
Post-detection policy
Asteroid impact

Space races

Chinese
space program

Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
Shuguang program (1966–1972)
Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
- 2007 test
Project 921 (1992–)
- Shenzhou program
- Tiangong program
- Space station
Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
Mars and beyond
- Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
- MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme

European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
- Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
European Space Agency (1975–)
- EU/ESA Space Council
- European Cooperation for Space Standardization
- European Space Research and Technology Centre
  - Concurrent Design Facility
- European Astronaut Centre
- ESA Centre for Earth Observation
  - Living Planet Programme
- European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
- European Data Relay System
- Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
- European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
- European Space Security and Education Centre
- European Space Operations Centre
  - ESTRACK network
- Guiana Space Centre
- Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
- Vega launcher programme (1998–)
- European Space Policy Institute
- Space Situational Awareness Programme
- Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
  - Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
  - PRIDE
    - Space Rider
- ESA Television
- Mars and beyond

Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)	SOHO Cassini–Huygens Huygens Cluster Cluster II XMM-Newton Rosetta INTEGRAL Herschel Planck
Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)	ISS programme Politics Gaia LISA Pathfinder BepiColombo
Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)	Solar Orbiter Euclid ARIEL EnVision CHEOPS JUICE ATHENA LISA Comet Interceptor SMILE

EU Space Programme

Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
EU/ESA Space Council
EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
- European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
- European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
- EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
  - Galileo programme
  - Copernicus programme
  - EGNOS programme
  - EUSST programme
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
European Union Aviation Safety Agency
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
European Defence Agency
Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies

Indian space policy

British
space programme

Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
Outer Space Act 1986
Project Juno (1991)
Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
Space Industry Act 2018
UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
2021 Integrated Review
- Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy

Truman space policy	Operation Paperclip list of scientists Aerobee rocket program RAND Establishment of Cape Canaveral
Eisenhower space policy	WS-117L Project Vanguard Sputnik crisis Introduction to Outer Space 1958 NASA Act Space Act Agreement Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest Launch of Project Mercury Missile gap Launch of X-15 program
Kennedy space policy	Launch of the Mariner program Launch of the Gemini project Launch of the Apollo program "We choose to go to the Moon"
Johnson space policy	1967 Outer Space Treaty
Nixon space policy	Moon landing Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law Launch of the Space Shuttle Program Skylab
Ford space policy	Apollo–Soyuz Launch of the Viking program
Carter space policy
Reagan space policy	Citizens' Advisory Council Strategy of Technology doctrine Strategic Defense Initiative Space Station Freedom proposal 1984 Space Act 1985 anti-satellite missile test Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Rogers Report Ride Report
George H. W. Bush space policy	Space Exploration Initiative 1990 Augustine Committee Hubble Space Telescope National Space Council
Clinton space policy	Faster, better, cheaper Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission ISS Shuttle–Mir program ISS programme Politics Launch of the Mars Exploration Program 1998 Space Act Decadal Planning Team Launch of the X-37 program
George W. Bush space policy	Aerospace Industry Commission 2002 National missile defense directive Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Vision for Space Exploration Aldridge Commission ESAS 2005 NASA Act Launch of the Constellation program Operation Burnt Frost
Obama space policy	2009 Augustine Committee Kennedy Space Center speech Cancellation of the Constellation program Launch of the Space Launch System program Redesign of the Orion program Flexible path Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 2010 NASA Act Title 51 Space Shuttle retirement Development of the Commercial Crew Program 2014 NASA Act 2015 Space Act
Trump space policy	Re-establishment of the National Space Council Creation of the Space Force Launch of the Artemis program Launch of the Lunar Gateway project Executive Order 13959
China exclusion policy of NASA International Traffic in Arms Regulations Full-spectrum dominance doctrine Budget of NASA House Committee on Space NESDIS Office of Space Commerce FCC FAA/AST NRO IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Antennas & Propagation Society Broadcast Technology Society Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia

Soviet
space
program

Stalin	Operation Osoaviakhim (1946) list of scientists
Khrushchev	Sputnik program Sputnik crisis (1957) Vostok program (1960–1963) Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982) Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976) Voskhod program (1964–1966)
Brezhnev	Soyuz program (1967–) Interkosmos (1967–1991) Salyut program (1971–1986) Almaz (1973–1977) Buran program (1974–1993) Apollo–Soyuz (1975)
Gorbachev	Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos

Yeltsin	Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission ISS (1993–) Shuttle–Mir program ISS programme Politics
Medvedev	Medvedev modernisation programme 2010 Military doctrine
Putin	United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015) 2014 Military doctrine 2015 Creation of Roscosmos Mars MARS-500 study ExoMars

Other policies

United Nations

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies

Space law

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
Outer Space Treaty (1967)
Rescue Agreement (1968)
Space Liability Convention (1972)
US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
Satellite Convention (1974)
Registration Convention (1975)
Bogota Declaration (1976)
Moon Treaty (1979)
Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
International Docking System Standard
International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
Artemis Accords (2020)
Space jurisdiction
Common heritage of mankind
Extraterrestrial real estate
Astronomical naming conventions
ITU Radio Regulations
CCSDS standards
ODCWG standards
CEOS standards
COSPAR standards
- International Designator
- IPDA standards
GSC standards
GEO standards
ISECG standards
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use

Militarisation

Space forces, units and formations	Space forces Australia Brazil Canada China Colombia France Germany Iran AJA IRGC Israel Japan Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Pakistan Russia Spain Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States History Structure Vietnam Ranks and insignia Space commands France India Italy NATO NORAD United Kingdom United States
Space warfare	Space domain awareness Space weapon Anti-satellite weapon China India Russia United States Kinetic bombardment Kill vehicle Missile defense Military satellite Reconnaissance satellite Spaceplane Satellite jamming

Space advocacy

Public-sector space agencies

Africa

Pan-African and Pan-Arab	RASCOM Arabsat
National	ASAL EGSA NARSS ESSTI GSSTC NASRDA SANSA

Americas

North America	CSA NASA NESDIS OSC FAA/AST FCC USSF USSPACECOM NRO
Latin America and the Caribbean	ALCE AEM CONAE ABE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC

Asia

Pan-Asian	APSCO
Central Asia	KazCosmos¹ Roscosmos¹ SRI VK TNSA¹
East Asia	CNSA SASTIND CASC CALT CAST CCF CGWIC PLAASF CASIC JAXA ISAS JSS NICT NATA KASA KARI KASI SaTReC TASA
South Asia	SPARRSO ISRO ² Antrix Corp DoS NRSC DSA SUPARCO
Southeast Asia	LAPAN MYSA PhilSA SSTL GISTDA VNSC
Southwest Asia	ArmCosmos¹ MAKA¹ NSSA IRIAF NEHSA ISA ISRC ISA NCSR SSA KACST-SRI SSA² GORS TUA TÜBİTAK UZAY UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe

Pan-European	CEN/CENELEC CEPT ETSI Eurocontrol ECAC ESA ECSS ESRTC EAC ESRIN ECSAT ESAC ESOC ESTRACK Guiana Space Centre EUMETSAT EUTELSAT IGO ESO
EU and EEA	DG DEFIS EUSPA EU SatCen EASA BEREC ALR ² BelSPo BIRA-IASB SRTI² CSO² DTU Space ESO¹ CNES² AAE CdE DLR² HSC HSO² ASI LSA LSO¹ SRON NSO NSC POLSA² CBK PAN UKE KRRiT ORO ULC PTSPACE ROSA² INTA AEC EAE AEE SNSA
Other	ArmCosmos¹ MAKA¹ BSA¹ KazCosmos¹ Roscosmos¹ SRI VKO SSO TUA TÜBİTAK UZAY SSAU¹ UKSA ²

Oceania

ASA
- CSIRO
NZSA

World

Former

See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
¹ Preceded by the Soviet space program
² Preceded by Interkosmos participation

Chinese space program

Spaceports and landing sites	Jiuquan Taiyuan Wenchang Xichang Siziwang Banner (landing site)
Launch vehicles	Long March 1 Long March 2 Long March 3 Long March 3A Long March 3B Long March 3C Long March 4 Long March 4A Long March 4B Long March 4C Long March 5 Long March 6 Long March 7 Long March 8 Long March 9 (In development) Long March 10 (In development) Long March 11 Long March 12 Kuaizhou Kaituozhe
Exploration programs	Shuguang (cancelled) CMS (human spaceflight) Chang'e (lunar exploration) Tiangong (space station) Tianwen (interplanetary exploration)

Projects and missions

Science

Planetary science	Chang'e 1 (2007–09) Chang'e 2 (2010–present) Yinghuo 1† (2011) Chang'e 3 (2013–present) Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present) Yutu rover (2013–2016) Chang'e 4 (2018–present) Yutu-2 rover (2018–present) Tianwen-1 (2020–present) Chang'e 5 (2020–present) Zhurong rover (2021–present) Interstellar Express (2024) Chang'e 6 (2025) Tianwen-2 (2025) Chang'e 7 (2026) Tianwen-3 (2028) Tianwen-4 (2029)
Astronomy and cosmology	DAMPE (2015–present) HXMT (2017–present) GECAM (2020–present) CHASE (2021–present) ASO-S (2022–present) Einstein Probe (2023) SVOM (2024) Xuntian (2024) Space Solar Telescope
Earth observation	CSES (2018–present) Double Star (2003–07) Gaofen Series (2013–present) Haiyang Series (2002–present) TanSat (2016–present) Yaogan Series (2006–present) Ziyuan Series (CBERS) (1999–present) SMILE (2025)

Human
spaceflight

Uncrewed expeditions	Shenzhou 1 Shenzhou 2 Shenzhou 3 Shenzhou 4 Shenzhou 8
Crewed expeditions	Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou 6 Shenzhou 7 Shenzhou 9 Shenzhou 10 Shenzhou 11 Shenzhou 12 Shenzhou 13 Shenzhou 14 Shenzhou 15 Shenzhou 16 (List of Chinese astronauts)
Space laboratories and cargos	Tiangong 1 (2011–2018) Tiangong 2 (2016–2019) Tianzhou 1 (2017) Tianzhou 2 (2021) Tianzhou 3 (2021) Tianzhou 4 (2022) Tianzhou 5 (2022) Tianzhou 6 (2023)
Tiangong space station modules	Tianhe (2021–present) Wentian (2022–present) Mengtian (2022–present)

Navigation

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications

Apstar Series (1994–present)
Chinasat Series (1994–present)
Queqiao (2018–present)
Tiandu 1 and 2 (2024–present)
Tianlian I (2008–present)
Tianlian II (2019–present)
Queqiao 2 (2024–present)

Technology
demonstrators

Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft (2020)
FSW Program (1969–2006)
QUESS (2016–present)
Shijian Series (1971–present)
XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

Lanyue Lunar Lander

Future missions marked in italics. Failed missions marked with † sign

China Manned Space Program

Shenzhou missions

Uncrewed	Shenzhou 1 2 3 4 8
Crewed	Shenzhou 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Tianzhou missions

Tianzhou 1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Space stations

Hardware

Shenzhou
Tianzhou
Long March
- 2F
- 7
- 5B
Feitian space suit

Facility

Underline indicates current missions
Italics indicates future missions

Tiangong space station

Components

Core Module (Tianhe) (2021)
Laboratory Module 1 (Wentian) (2022)
Laboratory Module 2 (Mengtian) (2022)
Space Station Telescope (Xuntian) (2025)

Spaceflights

Crewed	2021 Shenzhou 12 13 2022 Shenzhou 14 15 2023 Shenzhou 16 17 2024 Shenzhou 18 Shenzhou 19
Uncrewed	2021 Tianhe Tianzhou 2 3 2022 Tianzhou 4 5 2023 Tianzhou 6 2024 Tianzhou 7

Vehicles

Spacecraft	Shenzhou Tianzhou
Rocket	Long March 2F Long March 5 Long March 7

Sites and facilities

Precursors

Project 921
Shenzhou program
- Shenzhou 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
Tiangong program
- Tiangong-1
- 2
- 3 (cancelled)

Ongoing spaceflights in underline
Future spaceflights in italics

Category

Chinese space facilities and organizations

Centers

Space cities	Dongfeng space city Beijing space city Wenchang space city Shanghai space city Yantai space city Guizhou Aerospace Industrial Park
Monitoring and control centers	Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center Xi'an Satellite Monitor and Control Center Chinese Deep Space Network Yuanwang-class space tracking ships China Domestic Tracking Stations China Overseas Tracking Stations

Launch sites

Suborbital launch sites	Nanhui Launch Site Base 603
Orbital launch sites	Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center Xichang Satellite Launch Center Wenchang Space Launch Site Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site

Crewed spacecraft
landing site

Siziwang Banner

Associated
organizations

Universities and institutes

CAS Key Laboratory of high-temperature gas dynamics
China Aerodynamics Research & Development Center
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
School of Aeronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University
China's Space Medical Institute

Ministries and agencies

China Ministry of Aerospace Industry
China National Space Administration
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation
China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology
Fifth Institute under the National Defense Ministry
China Aerospace Corporation
Academy of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Technology
Academy of Aerospace Solid Propulsion Technology
People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force

Commercial companies

Launch providers	CAS Space* Deep Blue Aerospace ExPace* Galactic Energy i-Space LandSpace LinkSpace OneSpace Orienspace Space Epoch Space Pioneer Space Trek
Spacecraft manufacturers	ChangGuang Satellite* COMMSAT Galaxy Space Geespace OK-Space Smart Satellite Spacety
Component suppliers	Jiuzhou Yunjian SMotor ZeroG Lab

Commercial companies with majority state ownership marked with * sign

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