Chīmalmā
Chimalma | |
---|---|
Goddess of fertility, patroness of life and death, guide of rebirth | |
Chimalma displayed in the Codex Laud | |
Other names | Chimalmatl, Chimalman |
Gender | Female |
Region | Mesoamerica |
Ethnic group | Aztec, Toltec (Nahoa) |
Personal information | |
Parents | Tlaltecuhtli and Tlalcihuatl (Codex Zumarraga)[3] |
Siblings | Coatlicue and Xochitlicue (Codex Ríos)[2] |
Consort | Mixcoatl (Codex Chimalpopoca)[1] |
Children | • With Mixcoatl: Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl (Codex Chimalpopoca)[1] |
Chimalman or Chīmalmā /t͡ʃiːmalmaː/ is a goddess in Aztec mythology, and was considered by the Aztecs to be the mother of the Toltec gods Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl. Her name means "shield-hand."
Several oral traditions say that Chimalman is a spirit which accompanied the Azteca from the homeland of Aztlán. Huitzilopochtli and Quetzalcoatl were spiritual entities adopted from the Toltec legacy when the Azteca lived among the Chichimeca. As with many Aztec myths, there are multiple versions of the Chīmalmā story depending on which tribe and time period is examined.
Mother of Quetzalcoatl
According to the Manuscript of 1558, section 7, the begetting of Quetzalcoatl happened in this way:
"And then when Mixcoatl went to... Huitznahuac, the woman Chimalman came out to confront him... She stood naked, without skirt or shift." While she stood thus, Mixcoatl shot an arrow "between her legs"—on two occasions. "And when this had occurred, he took the woman of Huitznauac, the one who is Chimalman, and lay with her and so she became pregnant."[4] Another version[5] indicates that Mixcoatl saw Chimalman while hunting in the Morelos valley and fell in love with her. When his efforts to approach her failed, he became angry and shot five arrows at her, all of which she caught in her bare hand. She was given the name "shield-hand" and they were later married, but unable to conceive a child. After praying on the altar of Quetzalcoatl, the priest told Chimalman to swallow a small precious stone, after which she became pregnant. This angered Quetzalcoatl's brother, Tezcatlipoca, such that he persuaded others to kill Mixcoatl. Chimalman fled to her hometown of Tepoztlan and died giving birth to her son Topiltzin. Topiltzin would later discover his identity as Quetzalcoatl and that he was sent to help the Toltec civilization. This version is similar to the Codex Chimalpopoca, that indicated, "...Quetzalcoatl was placed in her belly when she swallowed a piece of jade."[6]
References
- ^ a b Cecilio A. Robelo (1905). Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa (in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. pp. 345–436. ISBN 970-07-3149-9.
- ^ Susan D. Gillespie (1989). Los Reyes Aztecas: La Construcción del Gobierno en la Historia Mexica (in Spanish). Siglo XXI Editores. p. 192. ISBN 968-23-1874-2.
- ^ Otilia Meza (1981). El Mundo Mágico de los Dioses del Anáhuac (in Spanish). Editorial Universo. ISBN 968-35-0093-5.
- ^ Miguel León-Portilla & Earl Shorris: In the Language of Kings. Norton & Co., NY, 2001. Page 62.
- ^ Koch, Peter O. (2005-11-18). The Aztecs, the Conquistadors, and the Making of Mexican Culture. McFarland. ISBN 9781476621067.
- ^ John Bierhorst: History and Mythology of the Aztecs; the Codex Chimalpopoca. University of Arizona Press, Arizona, 1992, p. 28.
- v
- t
- e
- Ōmeteōtl: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or Tōnacātēcuhtli and Tōnacācihuātl)
(Four Tezcatlipocas)
- Lords of the Night
- Centeōtl
- Chalchiuhtlicue
- Cinteotl
- Mictlāntēcutli
- Piltzintecuhtli
- Tepēyōllōtl
- Tezcatlipoca (see Creator gods)
- Tláloc
- Tlazōlteōtl
- Xiuhtecuhtli
- Lords of the Day
- Acolnahuacatl
- Acuecueyotl (see Chalchiuhtlicue)
- Atlahua
- Atlacoya
- Chalchiuhtotolin
- Chantico
- Chicomecōātl
- Chīmalmā
- Cihuacōātl
- Cihuatecayotl
- Cipactonal
- Cōātlīcue
- Coyolxāuhqui
- Ehecatl
- Huēhuecoyōtl
- Huitztlampaehecatl
- Huixtocihuatl
- Ilamatecuhtli
- Ītzpāpālōtl
- Itzpapalotlcihuatl
- Itzpapalotltotec
- Itztlacoliuhqui
- Ixtlilton
- Macuiltochtli
- Macuilxochitl
- Malinalxochitl
- Mayahuel
- Metztli
- Mictlanpachecatl
- Mixcoatl
- Opochtli
- Oxomoco
- Painal
- Patecatl
- Tēcciztēcatl
- Temazcalteci
- Tepoztēcatl
- Tlacotzontli
- Tlalocayotl
- Tlilhua
- Toci
- Toltecatl
- Tonantzin
- Xilonen
- Xōchipilli
- Xōchiquetzal
- Xochitlicue
- Xocotl
- Xolotl
- Yacatecuhtli
- Zacatzontli
- Anahuac
- Aztlán
- Cemanahuac
- Chicomoztoc
- Huēyi Teōcalli
- Mictlān (The Underworld)
- Tamoanchan
- Teotihuacan
- Thirteen Heavens
- Tlālōcān
- Tlillan-Tlapallan
- Tōllān
practice
- Aubin Codex
- Aubin Manuscript no. 20
- Aubin Tonalamatl
- Codex Azcatitlan
- Codices Azoyú I & II
- Badianus Manuscript
- Codices Becker I & II
- Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
- Codex Bodley
- Codex Borbonicus
- Codex Borgia
- Codex Boturini
- Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
- Codex Chimalpahin
- Codex Chimalpopoca
- Codex Colombino
- Codex Cospi
- Codex Cozcatzin
- Codex Dresden
- Codex Durán
- Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
- Codex Florentine
- Codex Huamantla
- Códice de Huichapan
- Codex Huexotzinco
- Humboldt fragment 1
- Codex Ixtlilxochitl
- Codex Laud
- Lienzo Antonio de León
- Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
- Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
- Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
- Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
- Codex Madrid
- Codex Magliabechiano
- Matrícula de Tributos
- Codex Mexicanus
- Crónica Mexicayotl
- Códice Maya de México
- Codex Osuna
- Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
- Paris Codex
- Plano en papel de maguey
- Primeros Memoriales
- Codex Porfirio Díaz
- Mapa Quinatzin
- Codex Ramírez
- Codex Reese
- Relación de Michoacán
- Codex Ríos
- Romances de los señores de Nueva España
- Codex Santa Maria Asunción
- Selden Roll
- Mapa Sigüenza
- Codex Telleriano-Remensis
- Tira de Tepechpan
- Anales de Tlatelolco
- Codex Tlatelolco
- Mapa Tloztin
- Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
- Codex Totomixtlahuaca
- Codex Tudela
- Anales de Tula
- Codex Vaticanus B
- Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
- Codex Xolotl
- Codex Zouche-Nuttall